Few medicines have generated as much attention as the newer weight-loss drugs often called GLP-1s. Medicines such as semaglutide and tirzepatide have helped many people lose a significant amount of weight and improve their health. But they’re not right for everyone, and they come with important considerations. Here’s a balanced overview.
How GLP-1 medicines work
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is a natural hormone that helps regulate appetite and blood sugar. GLP-1 medicines mimic this hormone. They:
- Help you feel full sooner and stay full longer
- Reduce appetite and food cravings
- Slow how quickly the stomach empties
- Help the pancreas release insulin when blood sugar is high
Tirzepatide acts on GLP-1 and a second hormone, GIP. Some of these medicines were first approved to treat type 2 diabetes, and certain versions are now approved specifically for weight management. Most are given as weekly injections.
Who are they for?
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), prescription weight-management medicines are generally approved for adults with:
- A body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, or
- A BMI of 27 or higher plus a weight-related health condition, such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes or high cholesterol
They’re meant to be used alongside a reduced-calorie eating plan and physical activity, not instead of them. Learn more about BMI and waist size.
Common side effects
The most common side effects affect the digestive system, especially when starting or increasing the dose:
- Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
- Constipation
- Stomach pain and bloating
These often improve over time. Less common but more serious risks can include pancreatitis, gallbladder problems and low blood sugar when combined with certain diabetes medicines. These medicines carry a warning about a type of thyroid tumor seen in animal studies, and people with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer or a condition called MEN2 shouldn’t use them.
Important considerations
- Muscle matters. Rapid weight loss can include muscle loss. Eat enough protein and do strength training, like our resistance band workout.
- Weight can return. Many people regain weight after stopping the medicine, so it’s often considered a long-term treatment.
- Cost and coverage vary. Check with your insurance plan.
- Be cautious with unapproved versions. The FDA has warned about compounded and counterfeit products sold online. Get medicine only by prescription from a licensed pharmacy.
- Pregnancy: these medicines aren’t recommended during pregnancy. Talk with your doctor if you’re planning to become pregnant.
What this means for you
If you’re struggling with your weight and have related health conditions, ask your doctor whether a weight-management medicine could be part of your plan. Questions to ask include: What results can I expect? What side effects should I watch for? How long will I need to take it? What happens if I stop?
Whether or not you use medicine, healthy habits like balanced meals, such as the plate method, regular activity and good sleep remain the foundation.
The bottom line
GLP-1 medicines help reduce appetite and can lead to meaningful weight loss and health improvements for people who qualify. They work best with lifestyle changes and require ongoing medical supervision.
Common questions
Are Ozempic and Wegovy the same?
Both contain semaglutide, but they are approved for different uses and come in different doses. Ozempic is approved for type 2 diabetes, while Wegovy is approved for weight management and certain heart-related risks.
Can I take a GLP-1 if I don’t have diabetes?
Yes, if you meet the criteria for weight-management treatment and your doctor agrees it’s appropriate.
How much weight do people lose?
Results vary. In clinical trials, many people lost 10% to 20% of their body weight over a year or more when combined with lifestyle changes.
This article is for general information and isn’t medical advice. Talk with your healthcare provider about your individual needs.
