Penile cancer is rare, and many men have never heard of it. That’s part of the problem: early signs can be mistaken for common skin conditions or infections, and embarrassment can stop men from seeking help. Cases of delayed or missed diagnosis, including one reported in the UK where a man’s cancer was mistaken three times for other conditions before a biopsy confirmed it, show why awareness matters.
How common is it?
Penile cancer is uncommon. In the UK, around 700 men are diagnosed each year, and in the U.S., the number is around 2,000. It’s most often diagnosed in men over 60, but it can occur at younger ages. When caught early, it is often very treatable, sometimes with limited surgery or other treatments that preserve function. When diagnosed late, treatment is more extensive and the cancer can spread.
Signs to watch for
- A lump, growth or sore on the penis, especially on the head or foreskin, that doesn’t heal within a few weeks
- Changes in skin color or thickness
- A rash or small crusty bumps
- Bleeding or a foul-smelling discharge under the foreskin
- A foreskin that becomes tight and difficult to pull back
- Swelling at the end of the penis
- Lumps in the groin, which can mean the cancer has reached the lymph nodes
These symptoms are much more likely to be caused by something else, such as an infection, but they should always be checked, especially if they don’t clear up with treatment.
Why diagnosis can be delayed
Early penile cancer can look like warts, thrush, eczema or other skin conditions. If a treatment doesn’t help within a few weeks, it’s important to go back to the doctor and ask about a referral to a specialist, such as a urologist or dermatologist. A biopsy, where a small piece of tissue is examined, is the only way to confirm the diagnosis.
Doctors may also check the lymph nodes in the groin and use imaging to see whether the cancer has spread, which helps guide treatment.
Risk factors
- HPV infection. Human papillomavirus is linked to a large share of penile cancers.
- Phimosis, a tight foreskin that can’t be pulled back, which makes cleaning harder.
- Lichen sclerosus, a long-term skin condition that can affect the genitals.
- Smoking, which raises the risk of many cancers.
- Older age and a weakened immune system.
Lowering your risk
- Get the HPV vaccine. It’s recommended for preteens of all sexes and can be given to young adults. Ask your doctor whether it’s right for you.
- Practice good hygiene, including gently cleaning under the foreskin.
- Don’t smoke.
- Use condoms to lower the risk of HPV and other infections.
- Get skin conditions treated. Phimosis and lichen sclerosus can be managed by a doctor.
Don’t let embarrassment get in the way
Many men delay seeing a doctor about changes in their genitals. Doctors see these concerns every day, and early checks can make a huge difference. If you’re not satisfied with a diagnosis or your symptoms aren’t improving, it’s reasonable to ask for a second opinion or a specialist referral. Sexual health clinics are another place to get checked.
The bottom line
Penile cancer is rare but serious, and its early signs can be mistaken for common conditions. Any sore, lump or skin change on the penis that doesn’t heal within a few weeks deserves a medical check and, if needed, a biopsy.
This article is for general information and isn’t medical advice. Talk with your healthcare provider about your individual needs.
